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1. PARTS OF SPEECH
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Words are divided into different kinds or classes called parts of speech. They are divided according to functions they perform. In the English language there are eight parts of speech. (शब्दांची कार्ये आठ आहेत. त्या कार्यावरून शब्दांचे आठ गट पाडण्यात आलेलेआहेत. यांनाच शब्दांच्या जाती असे म्हणतात.)
vParts of speech:-
1. Noun
2. Pronoun
3. Adjective
4. Verb
5. Adverb
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
8. Interjection
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1. Noun
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A noun is a word used as the name of a person,
place, thing etc.
e.g.
boy, school, river, country, Gopal, happiness, class, gold etc.
Person: -
Mr.Bhangare likes to eat
spinach.
Place: -
Jorve is an old village.
Thing:
- A cook requires pots.
Honesty is very
important.
v Types of
Nouns:-
1) Proper Noun-
A proper noun is the name of a particular person, place
and thing.
e.g. Rajashree, The Tajmahal, Prawar, Thane,
cricket.
2) Common Noun-
A common noun is
the name given to any person place, thing of the same kind or class.
e.g. river, city, friend, poet, gold, game.
3) Material Noun-
A material noun
is a name given to the material of which things are made.
e.g. milk, sugar, water, silver, gold.
4)
Collective Noun-
Collective noun is the name given to a group of persons, places
or things.
e.g. school, people, class, bunch, team, army etc.
5)
Abstract Noun-
An abstract noun
is a name given to a quality, action or state.
e.g. faith,love, hate, kindness, bravery, pity, honesty
etc.
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2.Pronoun
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¨ A word used instead of a noun is called a
‘Pronoun’.
e.g.
I, we, you, you, he, she, it, they, this, that, these, those, who, why, whose,
myself.
Pari was studying for
the mid-term exam when she realized it was three o’clock in the morning.
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Types of Pronouns-
1)
Personal Pronun-
e.g. I, we, you, he, she, it, they.
2) Demonstrative Pronouns-
e.g.
this, that, these, those.
3) Interrogative Pronouns-
e.g.
which, who, what, whom, whose.
4) Relative Pronouns-
e.g.
which, what, whom, whose, that etc.
5) Reflexive Pronouns-
e.g. myself,
ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves.
6) Indefinite Pronouns-
e.g.
one/ones, one/another, some/ the other, anyone, someone, none, everyone.
7) Emphatic Pronouns-
e.g.
nouns form with- self/selves
suffixes.
I
have completed it myself
(Emphatic)
They
deceived themselves
(Reflexive)
8) Distributive Pronouns-
e.g. all
of, both of, each of, either of, neither of etc.
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3.Adjective
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The word which tells
something about the noun is called an Adjective.
e.g. brave emperor,
six books,
much
water,
eighth boy.
The beautiful woman wanted a couple of
pairs of shoes.
The rainy day
made us even sadder.
Article: There are three
articles: a, an, & the
(Articles
are technically adjectives.)
v Types
of Adjectives -
1)
Adjective of Quality-
e.g. brave, kind, cruel, good, red, happy etc.
2) Adjective of Quantity –
e.g. some,
any, much, enough, several, few, less, little etc.
3) Adjective of Number –
e.g. a) Definite Numbers:- one, two,
three…(cardinals) first, second, third (ordinals)
b)
Indefinite:- some, any, many
c)
Distributive:- each, every, either, neither.
4) Demonstrative Adjective –
e.g. this,
that, these, those etc.
5) Interrogative Adjective-
e.g.
what, which, who
6) Possessive Adjective –
e.g. This
is my book.
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4.
Verb
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The word which completes the
meaning of the sentence is called a Verb.
e.g.
I write.
I am writing.
I have written.
v Types
of Verbs-
1)
Transitive Verbs-
e.g. Gopal caught a ball.
He writes
a letter.
2)
Intransitive Verbs-
e.g. I stand. She goes.
They play The
bus stopped slowly.
3) Regular/Weak Verbs- verb changes
according to rules.
e.g. play-plays-playing-played
Work-works-working-worked
4)
Irregular/Strong Verbs-
e.g. run-ran-run
Write-wrote-written
Go-went-gone
5)
Main Verbs-
e.g. I read a book.
Cows are useful animals.
He is happy
6)
Auxiliary Verbs-
e.g. Pari is
reading a book.
They are playing cricket.
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5.
Adverb
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The word which tells
something about the verb is called an Adverb.
e.g. He walks slowly.
She runs fast.
a) Adverbs form by adding –‘ly’ suffixes.
e.g. Slow-slowly,
easy-easily
happy-happily,
careful-carefully
b) Exceptions-
e.g. Good-well Fast-fast Hard-hard
v Types
of Adverbs-
1)
Adverbs of Time-
e.g. yesterday, today, tomorrow, late, early, now,
soon, late, when, after etc.
2) Adverbs of Place-
e.g. here,
there, down, below, everywhere, up, down etc.
3) Adverbs of Manner-
e.g. slowly,
fast, angrily, happily, kindly, carefully etc.
4) Adverbs of Degree-
e.g. quite,
very, almost, fully, surely, certainly, definitely etc.
5) Adverbs of Reason-
e.g. because,
as, since, purposely, accidently, therefore etc.
6) Adverbs of Frequency-
e.g. once,
twice, often, always etc.
7) Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation-
e.g. surely,
certainly, neither, never etc.
8) Adverbs of Interrogation-
e.g. where,
when, how, why etc.
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An
adverb is a word that tells us something more about a Verb, an Adjective,
or another Adverb.
About a Verb: e.g. He runs fast. The girls sang sweetly. Suddenly the baby started crying.
About an Adjective: e.g. This chain
is very sturdy. The tea is too hot.
About another Adverb: You should run very fast.
About a Phrase or Sentence:
Unfortunately, your answer is incorrect.
Adverbs give us information about:
1. Place®for example:- Go there,
come in.
2. Time ® for example:- I will do
my homework tomorrow. I
need a pencil now.
3. Manner or the way something is
done. for example,:- Read slowly,
write well
4. Degree® for example:- The water
is too cold.
Many adverbs end with –ly, such as ‘slowly’ actually,
surprisingly etc. Like adjectives, adverbs can also be used in comparative
and superlative degree forms.
Examples: He spoke most
impressively. They danced more gracefully. The storybooks published
specially for children.
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My English
CoursebookTen P.N-36
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6. Preposition
The word that are used before a noun/pronoun
to show the relationship of these words to some other part of the sentences are
called Preposition.
e.g. Her book is in his box.
His
cap is on his head.
v Types
of Prepositions-
1)
Simple Prepositions:-
e.g. in, at, by, upon, on, within, into, etc.
2) Complex Preposition/Phrase Preposition:-
e.g.
in front of, in spite of, instead of, because of, according to, due to, etc.
3) Compound Preposition:-
e.g. among,
around, about, behind, between, beside, inside, before, without, along, etc.
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7.Conjunctions
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¨ The words that join together two or more
words/phrases/sentences are called Conjunctions.
e.g. and,
but, if, because, etc.
v Types
of Conjunctions:-
1)
Co-ordinating Conjunctions-
e.g. and, but, for, or, also, etc.
· Rajesh and
Ramesh loved to cook.
· Raju is poor but
he is very honest.
2) Sub-ordinating Conjunctions-
e.g. when, though, if, that, because, as, etc.
·
Though Ramesh is rich, he is not kind.
·
It has been cloudy since the morning.
Co-ordinators
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Sub-ordinators
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And, but, or,
yet, either…or, neither….nor. for, nor, both…..and, not only….but also,
still.
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When, though, although, while,
before, after, where, that, so…that, since, as…as, because, as, as if, even
if, in case, whether, except, till, until, unless, if.
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8
. 8 Interjections
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¨ Interjections are the words that express an
emotion or some sudden feeling.
e.g. wow-व्वा, hello-काय हो, hi-अच्छा, ha-हा हा, shoo-शु , tut-छी,
hush-चूप, hey-ओ हो, bravo-वाहवा, ugh-उ:, hurray-शाबास, eh-अरे,
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Alas! He died at last.
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Oh! Excuse me.
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Wow! You
knocked that ball out of the park.
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Oh, you really need to take care of yourself.
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Huh? What
did you say?
·
Ah, now I understand the problem.
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Activities
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Que.1) Choose the
correct part of speech of the underlined words in the sentence:
1) Aravi is a good girl.
i)
noun ii) verb ii)
adjective iv) adverb
2)
Hallo! How are you?
i) preposition ii) noun iii) pronoun iv) interjection
3) Where do you
live?
i) verb ii)
noun iii) adverb iv) pronoun
Que.2) Write what parts of
speech the underlined words in each sentence given below are.
(1) Samir and John are
watching film quietly.
(i) Samir – (iii) and – (ii) are
watching – (iv) film – (v) quietly –
(2) You have a right to say
so.
(i) you –
(ii) right –
(4) He answered right.
(i) answered — (ii) right—
(5) Oh! He has dropped the
catch.
(i) Oh! —
(ii) he — (iii) has dropped — (iv) catch —
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For Standard Ten
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Que.1) Say whether the underlined words in the
following sentences are used as a Noun or Verb or Adjective. (My Eng Coursebook
Ten P.No-21)
(a) I walk to school everyday (………. )
(b) I go
for a walk everyday ( ………..)
(c) They
gave me a gift everyday (……. )
(d) You
can gift her a story book ( ……..)
(e) It was
sold as a gift pack ( ………..)
(f) They
bought a new house on 10th street ( …….)
(g) The
water - tanks leak a lot ( ……….)
(h) The old-age home houses 100 aging and
homeless people. ( ……..)
Que.2) Classify the following words in
their respective columns. (Coursebook Ten P.N-29)
tackle, trumpet, directly, execute, aggressive,
natural, absence, exactly, achieve, clearly, imagination, precisely, create,
important, expert, specific. of, if, and, oh, from, we, but, it.
Noun
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Adjective
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Adverb
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Verb
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Pronoun
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Preposition
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Conjunction
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Interjection
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Que.3)
Complete the following table. (My English Coursebook P.N-54)
Verb
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Noun
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Adjective
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Adverb
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….……………
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payment
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…………………..
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………………….
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X
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………………
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…………………
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suddenly
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declare
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………………
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…………………
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…………….
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………………
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…………………
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Cheerful
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………….
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For any query contact or mail me
By Mr.Bhangare Adiraj Damodhar
Samata Vidya Mandir Jorve Pin No 422605
Mob.No- 9960545164
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